Axolotls

Overview

The Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), also known as the Mexican walking fish, is a unique and captivating aquatic salamander native to the lakes of central Mexico. Renowned for its ability to regenerate limbs, spinal cord, and even parts of its heart and brain, the Axolotl is a popular and fascinating species in the exotic pet trade. Despite its name, it is not a fish, but an amphibian that remains in its aquatic larval stage throughout its life—a condition known as neoteny. With its friendly demeanor, interesting behaviors, and striking appearance, the Axolotl is a beloved pet for amphibian enthusiasts.

Physical Characteristics

• Size: Adult Axolotls typically range from 9-12 inches (23-30 cm) in length, though some individuals can grow up to 18 inches (46 cm). Females are generally larger than males.
• Lifespan: In captivity, Axolotls can live up to 10-15 years with proper care.
• Appearance: Axolotls have a distinctive, unique appearance with a broad head, large external gills, and a wide, flat body. Their gills are feather-like and protrude from the sides of their head, giving them a charming look. In the wild, they are typically brown or dark with a mottled pattern, but many pet Axolotls are selectively bred for color morphs, including leucistic (pale pink with dark eyes), golden albino, and melanoid (black).
• Distinctive Features: The external gills and the ability to regenerate body parts are key features that make Axolotls stand out. They are also known for their gentle, almost "smiling" appearance and their curious nature.

Housing

• Enclosure: Axolotls need an aquatic environment and should be housed in a tank with plenty of space to swim and explore. A 20-gallon tank is the minimum for one Axolotl, though larger tanks are recommended for multiple individuals. It is essential that the tank has a secure, tightly fitting lid, as Axolotls can sometimes leap out of the water.
• Substrate: Axolotls have delicate, soft bodies, so it’s best to use a smooth substrate like fine sand or a bare-bottom tank to prevent accidental ingestion of gravel or sharp objects. Avoid using large gravel, as Axolotls may swallow it, leading to digestive issues or impaction.
• Water Quality: Clean water is crucial for Axolotls' health. Use a high-quality filter to keep the water clean, and ensure it is cycled properly to maintain stable water conditions. The water should be dechlorinated and free from ammonia, nitrites, and nitrates. It’s a good idea to regularly test water parameters to maintain the proper balance.
• Water Temperature: Axolotls thrive in cool water, ideally between 60-64°F (16-18°C). They are cold-water amphibians and can be stressed by high temperatures. Anything above 70°F (21°C) can be harmful and may lead to health problems like stress, lethargy, or disease. If you live in a warmer climate, consider using a cooling system or air conditioning to keep the temperature in check.
• Water Depth: While Axolotls are aquatic, they prefer a tank with moderate water depth—around 8-12 inches (20-30 cm) is ideal. Make sure there are no areas where the water is too shallow, as this may increase the risk of accidental injury or dehydration.

Temperature and Humidity

• Temperature: As cold-water amphibians, Axolotls thrive in cooler environments, ideally between 60-64°F (16-18°C). Temperatures above 70°F (21°C) can cause stress and lead to illness, while temperatures below 50°F (10°C) may be too cold for them. Maintaining a stable, cool temperature is crucial for their well-being.
• Humidity: Axolotls do not need high humidity, as they live fully aquatic lives. The humidity in their tank should be monitored to ensure the water stays at the correct temperature, but you don’t need to worry about adding moisture to the air in their environment.

Feeding

• Diet: Axolotls are carnivores and eat a variety of live or frozen food items. Their diet typically consists of earthworms, bloodworms, brine shrimp, daphnia, and small fish like feeder fish or minnows. They can also be fed high-quality pellets designed for carnivorous amphibians.
• Feeding Frequency: Juvenile Axolotls should be fed daily, while adults can be fed 2-3 times per week. Offer a varied diet to ensure they receive all the necessary nutrients. Be sure to remove any uneaten food promptly to prevent contamination of the water.
• Feeding Method: Axolotls are avid hunters and will eagerly grab food with their mouths. You can place the food directly in front of them, and they will typically consume it right away. Live food is often the best option, as it stimulates natural hunting behaviors. However, frozen or pre-killed food is also suitable.
• Supplements: Like all amphibians, Axolotls need proper calcium and vitamin supplementation. You can dust their food with a calcium supplement to support healthy bone development and prevent metabolic bone disease.

Handling and Temperament

• Handling: Axolotls are delicate and should not be handled frequently. Their skin is sensitive, and oils, dirt, or chemicals from human hands can harm them. If you must handle them, always wet your hands first to prevent damage to their skin. Limit handling to avoid stress and injury.
• Temperament: Axolotls are generally calm and peaceful animals. They are not territorial and can be kept with other Axolotls as long as they are not overcrowded. However, they should not be housed with fish or other species that may nip at their gills or fins. Axolotls are solitary by nature, and while they tolerate the presence of others, they do not require social interaction.

Health and Veterinary Care

• Common Issues: Axolotls are relatively hardy but can suffer from various health issues, particularly related to water quality. Common problems include fungal or bacterial infections, skin damage, and parasites. Poor water quality, high temperatures, and poor diet can contribute to these issues.
• Regeneration: One of the most fascinating aspects of the Axolotl is its ability to regenerate limbs, spinal cord, and other body parts. This regenerative ability is rare in the animal kingdom, and Axolotls are often studied for this remarkable feature. While they can regenerate lost parts, any injury should still be treated carefully to avoid infections.
• Signs of Illness: Watch for signs of illness such as sluggish behavior, a lack of appetite, abnormal swimming, or skin lesions. If you notice any of these symptoms, consult an experienced amphibian vet for advice and treatment.

Conclusion

The Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) is a truly fascinating and unique pet that can live for many years with proper care. With their striking appearance, regenerative abilities, and relatively simple care requirements, Axolotls are an excellent choice for pet owners interested in amphibians. They require a cool, clean aquatic environment, a diet of carnivorous foods, and minimal handling to ensure they thrive in captivity. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced amphibian keeper, the Axolotl makes for a rewarding and fascinating addition to your home.